This course aims mainly to introduce and apply the basic principles of plane surveying and map making.
Course Contents:
Introduction, theory of errors, tape measurements, leveling, theodolite and its applications, electronic distance measurement, coordinate geometry and traverse surveying.
Main Reference:
Surveying For Engineers, By: Dr. Najeh Tamim , 2nd edition, 2006.
This chapter will cover topics concerning the definition of surveying and surveyor. It will also deal with the connection and association between surveying and civil engineering. Other issues such as the importance of surveying, types of surveying, units of measurement, scale, etc. will also be handled.
Objectives :
This chapter aims to:
Define surveying and surveyor .
Explain the importance of surveying .
State the relationship between surveying and civil engineering.
Differentiate between the different types of surveying, and
Discuss other related issues such as scale of surveys, units of measurement, principles of surveying, etc.
All measurements are subject to some sort of error. These errors are usually caused by the surveyor or the environment or the tool being used or any combination of these three causes of error. Some of these errors are small and do not influence the measurements, but others could be gross and lead to erroneous results. This chapter will cover topics concerning the causes and types pf error, precision and accuracy, repeated measurements, propagation of random errors, weights and weighted mean as well as others.
Objectives:
This chapter aims to:
Discuss the different sources and types of errors in surveying, .
Explain how these errors can be avoided or minimized or eliminated.
Differentiate between precision and accuracy and define related issues such as simple and weighted mean, standard error, relative precision, repeated measurements and propagation of errors.
Surveying can be briefly defined as earth measurements. These measurements are of two types: lengths (horizontal called distances and vertical called elevations and elevation differences) and angles (horizontal and vertical angles). This chapter will deal with linear measurements (distances) made basically in the horizontal direction for the purpose of making and preparing a map (surveying plan) for a relatively small area. Basic surveying tools which are relatively cheap and affordable by almost all recently graduating engineers and surveyors will be used here. These include: tapes, ranging rods, arrows, plumb bobs, etc.
Objectives:
This chapter aims to:
Explain how to make linear measurements (distances) using the tape and other basic tools such as ranging rods, plumb bob, arrows, Abney level, et.
Describe how to measure details and prepare a surveying map using chain surveying principles, and
Identify the different types of chaining obstacles and describe how to overcome them.
The previous chapter dealt with horizontal measurements (distances). This chapter will deal with vertical measurements (elevations and elevation differences).Elevations and elevation differences can be measured using several methods including chain surveying, barometric leveling, trigonometric leveling, photogrametric leveling, GPS leveling and differential leveling. Some of these methods will be dealt with in later chapters in both surveying (1) & (2). This chapter will mainly deal with differential leveling. Subjects including equipment used, theory, measurement errors and applications on leveling will all be covered.
Objectives:
This chapter aims to:
Describe and introduce the equipment used for the measurement of elevations and elevation differences.
Define the terminology associated with the measurement of elevations and elevation differences.
Explain how to measure and calculate elevations and elevation differences using both methods of height of instrument and rise & fall.
Indicate how to minimize and avoid leveling errors, and
Describe some applications where leveling plays a major role; mainly the making of longitudinal and cross sections and preparation of contour maps.
The previous two chapters dealt with linear measurements (both distances and elevations). To measure and map details, we often need to do both linear and angular measurements. This chapter will basically deal with matters concerning the definition and measurement of both types of angles (horizontal and vertical). Other subjects related to angles will also be explained. These include directions, description of equipment used to measure angles (mainly the theodolite) and will end with practical applications.
Objectives:
This chapter aims to:
Define basic terms; mainly horizontal and vertical angles as well as directions.
Describe the equipment used for anguler measurements; mainly the theodolite, and
Discuss some theodolite applications such as measurement of object heights and tacheometry (distance and elevation difference from angular measurements).
In chapters three to five, we dealt with methods for measuring distances and elevation differences. The tape can be used to measure short distances on relatively flat terrain with acceptable accuracy. However, it is not practical for long distances and gives low accuracy. Tacheometry, on the other hand, was a great development for the measurement of horizontal distances and elevation differences, but the accuracy again was limited and not good enough for precise surveying. Differential leveling is very accurate but slow and difficult to be used for broken terrain. For all these reasons came the development of electronic distance measuring equipment or total station that will be dealt with in this chapter. All linear and angular measurements can be made with this device with fairly high accuracy.
Objectives:
This chapter aims to:
Describe the equipment used for anguler measurements; mainly the EDM or total station, and
Explain how to perform angular and distance measurements ectronically using the total station.
With the advent of electronic distance measurement and global positioning systems (will be dealt with in surveying 2), It is now possible to reform surveying and deal with it in terms of coordinates. Knowing the coordinated of a piece of land, for example, will facilitate and provide many advantages that include:
1. The computation of distances and lengths of borderlines without directly measuring them as with the tape.
2. The computation of azimuths and angles.
3. The computation of areas and volumes (cut and fill).
4. The plotting of the details on the computer using AutoCad or any similar software.
As well as many others. This chapter will deal with coordinate geometry and traverse surveying.
Objectives:
This chapter aims to:
Employ the technologies and procedures taught in the previous chapters for coordinates measurement and computation.
Explain the several methods used for the computation of coordinates, mainly the application of the second traditional principle of surveying.
Demonstrate how to prepare a full surveying map (plan) using coordinates.